
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3476559
Romanian Abstract: Caile de atac sunt mijloace prevazute de lege prin care Statul, prin Ministerul Public, dar și persoanele anume desemnate de lege promoveaza un control judecatoresc in cadrul caruia se verifica hotarârile judecatorești penale, in vederea desființarii acelor hotarâri care conțin erori de fapt și de drept și inlocuirea lor cu hotarâri conforme cu legea și adevarul. Caile de atac impotriva hotarârilor judecatorești, atât cai ordinare cât și extraordinare, sunt instituite din necesitatea controlarii activitații desfașurate de instanțele judecatorești. In urma exercitarii controlului judiciar se pot inlatura eventualele erori din activitatea de judecata, fie in privința stabilirii faptelor, fie in ce privește aplicarea legii. Pornind de la definiția lato sensu, o lege procesual penala trebuie sa aibe in vedere anumite principii atunci când reglementeaza sistemul cailor de atac, fie ele ordinare sau extraordinare. Astfel, legea procesual penala trebuie sa aiba in vedere principiul necesitații (impiedicarea ramânerii in vigoare a unei hotarâri nelegale și netemeinice), principiul operativitații (hotarârea judecatoreasca de condamnare sa fie pusa in executare cât mai repede, așadar, o durata rezonabila a procesului penal), pricipiul autoritații de lucru judecat (in esența, acest principiu asigura prestigiul hotarârilor judecatoresti definitive sub prezumția legala ca sunt conforme cu adevarul și legea). Prea multe cai de atac extraordinare ar atrage in mod inevitabil neincredere in justiție, incertitudine cu privire la modul in care s-au pronunțat definitiv instanțele judecatorești in cauzele penale. Principiul operativitații și cel al autoritații de lucru judecat trebuie folosite de legiuitor intr-un mod rațional și echilibrat. Durata procesului penal nu se poate scurta in detrimentul unei hotarâri legale și temenice iar stabilitatea hotarârii judecatorești investite cu autoritate de lucru judecat nu justifica menținerea unei hotarâri cu grave erori de fapt și de drept, chiar daca este definitiva. English Abstract: Remedies are means provided by the law by which the State, through the Public Ministry, and the persons designated by law promote a judicial control in which criminal judgments are verified in order to abolish those judgments which contain factual and legal errors and replacing them with judgements compliant with law and truth. Remedies against court decisions, both ordinary and extraordinary, are based on the need to control the work of the courts. Following the exercise of judicial control, possible errors in the judicial process can be avoided, either in terms of establishing the facts or as regards the enforcement of the law. Starting from the lato sensu definition, a criminal procedural law must take into account certain principles when regulating the appeal system, whether ordinary or extraordinary. Thus, the Criminal Procedural Law must take into account the principle of necessity (preventing the continued validity of an unlawful and ungrounded decision), the principle of operability (the judgment of conviction being enforced as soon as possible, and therefore a reasonable duration of the criminal proceedings) , the principle of res judicata (in essence, this principle ensures the prestige of the final judgments under the legal presumption that they are in accordance with the truth and the law). Too many extraordinary remedies would inevitably result in distrust of justice, uncertainty about the way in which the courts have been finally ruled in criminal cases. The principle of operability and res judicata must be used by the legislator in a rational and balanced way. The length of the criminal proceedings can not be shortened to the detriment of a legal and thoroughly decision, the stability of the court judgment invested with res judicata does not justify maintaining a judgment with serious errors of fact and law, even if it is final.
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