This article is a revised version of V-Dem working paper 79 (Lindberg et al., 2018). It is the result of a collaborative effort under several years where the intellectual property is shared and authors are therefore listed in reverse alphabetic order with the exception of the last author as the originator and team leader. This research project was principally supported by European Research Council, Consolidator Grant 724191, PI: Staffan I. Lindberg; but also by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation to Wallenberg Academy Fellow Staffan I. Lindberg, Grants 2013.0166 and 2018.0144; Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation to Patrik Lindenfors, Grant 2017.0049; as well as by co-funding from the Vice-Chancellor’s office, the Dean of the College of Social Sciences, and the Department of Political Science at University of Gothenburg. The authors thank participants of the V-Dem Research Conference (5/2017 and 5/2018) and the APSA conference (8/2018) for their helpful comments.