Dynamic changes in the security environment put military personnel, discharged from service for one reason or another and their families to serious tests. Transiting from military to civilian social medium significantly changes their conditions of life, affecting various aspects of their lives, in the basis of which lie mentality and personality changes of every person, leaving their usual social medium and entering an unfamiliar one. Since research in this field is not so popular, authors of this paper are provoked to explore the factors affecting the mental state of modern Bulgarian servicemen transiting to reserves and their professional adaptation corresponding to the new living conditions and to identify the problem areas of their social and psychological adaptation.