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Complexity, Standardization, and the Design of Loan Agreements

Authors: Bernhard Ganglmair; Malcolm Wardlaw;

Complexity, Standardization, and the Design of Loan Agreements

Abstract

We use natural language processing to measure the complexity and standardization of the events of default and covenants sections of 7,934 private loan agreements filed with the SEC from 1996 to 2017. Using word counts, a legal and financial dictionary, and LDA topic models, we construct measures of contractual detail and "distance to boilerplate." We document a complexity-standardization tradeoff: larger loans with longer maturities are simultaneously more detailed and more standardized, while riskier borrowers and those with complex financial structures receive more customized contracts. Pairwise distance analysis reveals that the form of the contract is determined primarily at the firm level, not the bank level, rejecting the hypothesis that default provisions are off-the-shelf templates. More standardized contracts are renegotiated more frequently, while more customized contracts are renegotiated less, suggesting that boilerplate language serves as a flexible reference point adapted through ex post amendment.

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    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
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Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
12
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
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