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Las Privatizaciones En Espaaa (Privatisations in Spain)

Authors: Joaquim Verggs;

Las Privatizaciones En Espaaa (Privatisations in Spain)

Abstract

Spanish Abstract: El presente texto pretende ser una descripcion y una primera evaluacion de las privatizaciones de empresas publicas (EP) llevadas a acabo en Espana (el grueso de ellas, entre 1985-2003). Se parte de considerar que una EP ha sido privatizada cuando se efectua una operacion de venta, total o parcial, que hace que la empresa pase a estar bajo control de inversores privados. En muchos casos la operacion consiste en la venta directa de la EP a una empresa o grupo privado, aunque el mayor volumen de transacciones corresponde en el caso de Espana a operaciones de venta en Bolsa de sucesivos paquetes de acciones de tal o cual EP.Las privatizaciones contempladas aqui son concretamente las de empresas publicas estatales. Ciertamente son, con mucho, las mas importantes, tanto por su numero como por su peso economico; aunque no las unicas, ya que tambien se han privatizado algunas empresas publicas autonomicas y municipales.Antes de entrar en la descripcion y analisis de las privatizaciones llevadas a cabo en Espana, en el apartado 1 se revisan lo que corrientemente se etiqueta como privatizar, y se precisa lo que se entiende por tal en el presente informe, delimitandolo respecto a las operaciones de liberalizar, y a las de dejar-de-subvencionar. En el apartado 2 se resumen los principales hitos del ‘periodo de privatizaciones’ en Espana, que se enmarca entre los anos 1985-2003. Se destaca la diferencia entre la etapa 1985-1996, con gobiernos del PSOE -en la que se privatizan algunas EP industriales al tiempo que se potencian y expanden otras; y la etapa de 1996-2003, con gobiernos del PP -en la que se llevan a cabo las grandes privatizaciones.Entrando mas en detalle, en el apartado 3 se detallan todas las operaciones de privatizacion relevantes, en orden temporal: las empresas, la forma de privatizacion, la situacion publico-privado despues de la operacion (en el caso de privatizaciones por fases –tabla 2), los ingresos que genero para el Estado, y quien compro la EP (en el caso de venta o adjudicacion directa, tabla 1). Esto se complementa con un resumen sobre los resultados que venian presentando las cuentas de las EP antes de su privatizacion; y con un analisis del uso por parte del gobierno de los cuantiosos ingresos obtenidos con las privatizaciones, especialmente en la segunda etapa. Con toda esa informacion sobre la mesa, parece logico preguntarse cuales fueron los objetivos perseguidos con las privatizaciones por los sucesivos gobiernos; y a eso responde el apartado 4. En el se trata de analizar el grado de concordancia entre los objetivos que los respectivos gobiernos declaraban perseguir, con los que pueden deducirse a partir de tener en cuenta las privatizaciones efectivamente realizadas y sus datos. Destaca aqui como resultado, por ejemplo, que el objetivo recaudatorio –que en las declaraciones gubernamentales aparecia solo de forma marginal- emerge sin embargo como hipotesis explicativa mas razonable para una parte substantiva de las operaciones realizadas. Y destaca tambien que una parte de las privatizaciones parecen venir explicadas por motivaciones que no formaban parte del ‘listado’ de objetivos que se declaraba perseguir.El presente texto se cierra –apartado 5- examinando lo que nos dicen los estudios empiricos disponibles sobre si la eficiencia de las EP privatizadas espanolas mejoro despues de su privatizacion –ya que era uno de los objetivos ‘estrella’ en las declaraciones gubernamentales; especialmente en el caso de gobiernos conservadores-. Y, con una perspectiva mas amplia, se presenta un analisis de las repercusiones socio-economicas del conjunto de privatizaciones realizadas.English Abstract: The present paper is intended as an account of and discussion on the privatisations of Public (Owned) Enterprises (PE) carried out in Spain (the bulk of them, between 1985-2003). The initial option has been here to consider a PE is privatised when it is sold whole or partially so that it passes to be controlled by private investors. In many cases the operation consists in a direct sale of the PE to a private company or corporation, although in the case of Spain the highest amount of transactions corresponds to privatisations done throughout successive sales of packages of shares in the stock market (IPO).The Spanish privatisations referred in here are specifically the ones of State’s PE. Certainly they have been, by far, the most important, both by number and by its economic weight; although not the only ones, since also some regional and municipal PE have been privatized.As previous to the description and analysis of the privatisations carried out in Spain, this paper starts -- section 1 -- by discussing the different kind of operations that are currently talked-of as ‘privatisations’, and thus delimiting ‘privatisation’ with respect to, on the one side, ‘liberalization’ and on the other side ‘to reduce-or-stop subsidising’. In section 2 the main milestones in the ‘period of privatizations’ in Spain years 1985-2003 -- are summarized. Here it is highlighted the difference between a first stage, 1985-1996, with governments of the PSOE (socialist), where some industrial PE were actually privatised but some other were, on the contrary, enhanced-expanded; and a second stage, 1996-2003, under governments of the PP (conservative), where those big expanded PE’s were privatised. In section 3 all the relevant privatization operations are detailed, in temporal order, along 1985-2003: The companies, the form of privatization, the public-private situation after the operation (in the case of privatizations by phases -- table 2), the income they generated for the State, and the companies or investors that bought the respective EP (in the case of direct sale, table 1). This is complemented by a summary of the profits or losses that the incumbent PE’s accounts were presenting prior to their privatisation; and by an assessment of the use by the Government of the substantial proceeds obtained from those privatisation.With all that data on the desk, it makes sense to ask ourselves, what were the objectives pursued with those privatisations? That is the issue addressed in section 4, where it is attempted to analyse the degree of consistency between the aims the respective Governments claimed to pursue by privatising, with what can be deduced from taking into account the privatizations actually made and their data. As a result, it highlights here that the fundraising goal -- which in the Governments’ statements appeared only marginally -- emerges however as the more reasonable explanatory hypothesis for a significant part of the privatisation’s operations. And also that some other privatisations seem to come actually explained by motivations that do not appeared in the ‘list’ of aims declared to pursue by governments.The paper closes -- section 5 -- by examining what can be drawn from the already available empirical studies that try to measure if the efficiency of the privatised Spanish PE improved after their privatisation -- since that was one of the ‘star’ objectives claimed for in the governmental declarations; especially in the case of conservative governments. And finally, taking a broader outlook, it is analysed which has been the main socio-economic impact of the privatisations carried out in Spain.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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