Cutting government spending can increase the budget defi cit at zero interest rates according to a standard New Keynesian model, calibrated with Bayesian methods. Similarly, increasing sales taxes can increase the budget defi cit rather than reduce it. Both results suggest limitations of “austerity measures.” At zero interest rates, running budget defi cits can be either expansionary or contractionary depending on how they interact with expectations about long-run taxes and spending. The effect of fi scal policy action is thus highly dependent on the policy regime. A successful stimulus, therefore, needs to specify how the budget is managed, not only in the short but also in the medium and long runs.