Abstract : Systems engineering of training and its subsidiary criterion- referenced measurement have been invaluable tools for increasing the job- relevance of military training and evaluation. These tools have provided an indispensable point of departure and a framework for ensuring accountability. However, they have been developed within the context of relatively simple, procedural tasks that are necessary but not always sufficient for describing jobs as performed in working environments. Engagements simulation (ES) currently is a set of techniques for conducting real-time, two-sided free play, tactical exercises at the combined arms reinforced platoon level. One of its key features is a set of objective, casualty assessment methods that allow almost real-time feedback to participants. For example, a rifleman can fire at a target and register a hit by calling out a number on the helmet of the opposing infantryman. A tank gunner can similarly register a hit against another tank. Kills are relayed via radio by a controller to a net control station, which in turn radios the target that it is out of action. Suitable pyrotechnics add visual cues and, therefore, realism to the battle. With these and other techniques for artillery and antitank weapons, it is possible to measure casualties over time and thereby provide for objective assessment of the outcomes of tactical performance.