Geological disasters in China have caused enormous damage to humans and the economy. The Chinese government has made significant efforts to mitigate geological disasters. Usually, the efficiency of disaster emergency response holds top priority. In this study, we considered the historical analysis of China’s geological disaster emergency response as the primary line and developed a slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis model to evaluate the performance of 18 geological disasters reliefs during 2015–2019 in China. This model is used to examine the performance of the geological disaster emergency response activities. The results indicate that although the capabilities of geo-disaster relief have continuously improved from 2015 to 2019, China’s geological disaster emergency response system remains in its primary stage. In particular, the efficiency of landslide emergency response operations is low. We analyzed the factors influencing efficiency and provided several suggestions for capacity improvement in geo-disaster emergency responses.