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https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/35...
Doctoral thesis . 2025
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Future glacial lake risk in High Mountain Asia

Authors: Furian, Wilhelm;

Future glacial lake risk in High Mountain Asia

Abstract

In Hochasien führen steigende Temperaturen und veränderte Niederschläge zum Rückzug der Gletscher und zur Ausweitung bzw. Neubildung von Gletscherseen. Deren plötzliche Entleerung kann zu Gletscherseeausbrüchen (GLOFs) werden – äußerst gefährlichen Naturkatastrophen. Daher ist es entscheidend, mögliche Standorte, Entwicklung und Gefährdungspotenzial zukünftiger Seen zu kennen. Die Studie umfasst drei Schritte: (a) Erstellung des ersten vollständigen Inventars zukünftiger Gletscherseen in Hochasien; (b) Bestimmung eines möglichen Zeitrahmens für die Entstehung der größten 2.700 Seen anhand von Gletschermassenbilanz-Simulationen bis 2100 unter vier Klimaszenarien; (c) Untersuchung der künftigen GLOF-Dynamik. Dazu werden zahlreiche GLOFs potenziell gefährlicher Seen in der Everest-Region mithilfe dreidimensionaler Strömungsmodelle simuliert und ihr Schadenspotenzial bewertet. Die Analyse der subglazialen Topographie zeigt ein Potenzial von über 25.000 neuen Seen. Simulationen bis 2100 belegen starken Szenario-Einfluss sowie eine deutliche Zunahme von Seeflächen und -volumina. GLOF-Simulationen weisen auf steigende Schäden hin, wenn verschiedene Moränendurchbruchs-, Klima- und Bevölkerungsannahmen berücksichtigt werden. Große GLOFs aus Imja Tsho, Lower Barun Lake oder Tsho Rolpa können das Vorgebirge erreichen und 80–100 km Straßen sowie 700–2.000 Häuser mit bis zu 10 m Wassertiefe überfluten. Die Arbeit verbessert das Verständnis der Seenbildung im Klimawandel, ermöglicht präzisere Risikobewertungen und unterstreicht die Bedeutung lokaler Studien, um besonders gefährdete Gemeinschaften besser vorzubereiten.

In High Mountain Asia, warming and shifting precipitation are driving widespread glacier retreat, leading to expansion or formation of proglacial lakes. Sudden lake drainage can trigger glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), among the most hazardous disasters in mountain regions. It is therefore crucial to identify future lake locations, their evolution, and their downstream damage potential. This study addresses these needs through three components: (a) the first complete inventory of future glacial lakes across High Mountain Asia; (b) estimation of development timelines for the 2,700 largest lakes by simulating glacier mass balances until 2100 under four climate scenarios; and (c) assessment of changing 21st-century GLOF dynamics. To evaluate downstream impacts, numerous GLOFs from potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal’s Everest region are simulated using 3-D computational fluid dynamics. Subglacial topography analyses indicate potential for >25,000 new lakes. Simulations to 2100 show strong scenario dependence and major increases in lake area and volume. GLOF simulations reveal rising damage potential when climate, moraine-failure, and population projections are included. Large GLOFs from Imja Tsho, Lower Barun Lake, or Tsho Rolpa may reach Himalayan foothills, inundating 80–100 km of roads and 700–2,000 houses, with water depths up to 10 m. This work advances understanding of glacial lake formation under climate change, improves future GLOF risk assessment, and highlights the need for detailed local studies to better prepare vulnerable communities.

Country
Germany
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Keywords

High Mountain Asia, Gletscherseeausbruch, Klimawandel, SSP, ddc:550, Glacial lake outburst flood, Climate Change, GLOF, Modellierung, Hochasien, modeling, CFD, 550 Geowissenschaften

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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