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Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Earthquake Source Properties from Pseudotachylite

Authors: Nicholas Beeler; Giulio Di Toro; Stefan B. Nielsen;

Earthquake Source Properties from Pseudotachylite

Abstract

Earthquake-radiated motions contain in formation that can be interpreted as source displacement and therefore related to stress drop. Except in a few notable cases, these displacements cannot be easily related to the absolute stress level, the fault strength, or attributed to a particular physical mechanism. In contrast paleo-earthquakes recorded by exhumed pseudotachylite have a known dynamic mechanism whose properties constrain the co-seismic fault strength. Pseudotachylite can be used to directly address a discrepancy between seismologically-measured stress drops, which are typically a few MPa, and much larger dynamic stress drops expected from thermal weakening during slip at seismic speeds in crystalline rock [Sibson, 1973; McKenzie and Brune, 1969; Lachenbruch, 1980; Mase and Smith, 1986; Rice, 2006] as have been observed in laboratory experiments at high slip rates [Di Toro et al., 2006a]. This note places pseudotachylite-derived estimates of fault strength and inferred crustal stress within the context and bounds of naturally observed earthquake source parameters: apparent stress, stress drop, and overshoot, including consideration of fault surface roughness, off-fault damage, fracture energy, and the 'strength excess'. The analysis, which assumes stress drop is related to corner frequency by the Madariaga [1976] source model, is restricted to earthquakes of the Gole Larghe fault zone in the Italian Alps where the dynamic shear strength is well21constrained by field and laboratory measurements. We find that radiated energy is similar to or exceeds the shear-generated heat and that the maximum strength excess is ~16 MPa. These events have inferred earthquake source parameters that are rare, for instance a few percent of the global earthquake population has stress drops as large, unless: fracture energy is routinely greater than in existing models, pseudotachylite is not representative of the shear strength during the earthquake that generated it, or unless the strength excess is larger than we have allowed.

Countries
Italy, United Kingdom
Keywords

690, SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES; SAN-ANDREAS SYSTEM; WEAKENING FRICTION; APPARENT STRESS; FAULT ZONE; BRITTLE DEFORMATION; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; DEEP EARTHQUAKES; MELT LUBRICATION; FLUID PRESSURE

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
16
Top 10%
Average
Average
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