A resumptive review of the three types of effects of new environmental factors on human heredity is presented: 1) alteration of hereditary elements (induced mutagenesis); 2) pathological manifestations of gene expression on the specific environmental factors (ecogenetic diseases, pharmacogenetics, toxicogenomics, nutrigenomics); 3) alteration of the population gene pool as a result of disturbance of genetic balance between mutation process and selection. The following thesis is proving: in spite of severity and seriousness of current problems of ecological human genetics, the decision can be made on the basis of fundamental sciences advances and technological progress.