Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality parameters and the chromatographic, thermogravimetric, and spectroscopic profile of Pataua oil (Oenocarpus bataua). All analyses were performed according to the Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS). The parameters obtained indicate conservation quality standards in accordance with Brazilian legislation. The fatty acid profile shows a predominance of ω-9, ω-6, and ω-3 fatty acids. The thermogravimetric behavior and differential analysis indicated good stability upon gradual temperature increase and the presence of endothermic and exothermic peaks characteristic of thermal and oxidative decomposition at high temperatures only. The spectroscopic profile evidenced long-chain unsaturated fatty acids confirming the fatty acid profile results. It was found that, in general, the Pataua oil has good nutritional and functional quality and high thermal and oxidative stability; therefore it can be considered as a raw material with potential applications in various industries.