This study examines the migration of Turks from Yugoslavia and Iraq to Türkiye between 1950 and 1960 within the context of Cold War politics. Following Türkiye’s shift toward anti-communist alliances, Turks in Yugoslavia faced assimilation policies after the Balkan Pact, leading to organized migration under bilateral agreements. In Iraq, the Baghdad Pact and the 1958 coup resulted in severe repression of Iraqi Turkmens, including the 1959 Kirkuk massacre, triggering less documented and more chaotic migration. Using written sources and oral interviews, the study comparatively analyses the political, social, and ethnic factors shaping these distinct yet interconnected migration processes.