The aim of the paper is to analyze a popular pseudo-scientific discourse in Germany in the twenties that developed an idea of a state as a living organism. The discourse was sometimes named “the biology of the state”. The aim of this analysis is to provide a genealogy of the term “biopolitics” that was first used by a Swedish theoretician of the biology of the state Rudolf Kjellen and to show the influence, that the idea of the biology of the state had on the development of the Nazi biopolitics. The paper reconstructs the main aspects of Michel Foucault’s genealogy of the modern biopolitics and subsequently shows, how the idea of the biology of the state constituted the extreme development of the naturalistic tendencies diagnosed by Foucault in the modern theories of (bio)politics.