Fluorescence microscopy is crucial in various fields such as biology, medicine, and life sciences. Fluorescence self-interference holographic microscopy has great potential in bio-imaging owing to its unique wavefront coding characteristics; thus, it can be employed as three-dimensional (3D) scanning-free super-resolution microscopy. However, the available approaches are limited to low optical efficiency, complex optical setups, and single imaging functions. The geometric phase lens can efficiently manipulate the optical field’s amplitude, phase, and polarization. Inspired by geometric phase and self-interference holography, a self-interference fluorescent holographic microscope-based geometric phase lens is proposed. This system allows for wide-field, 3D fluorescence holographic imaging, and edge-enhancement from the reconstruction of only one complex-valued hologram. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in imaging biological samples, with improved resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, its simplicity and convenience make it easily compatible with existing optical microscope setups, making it a powerful tool for observing biological samples and detecting industrial defects.