ABSTRACT One major safety issue of surface operations is the occurrence of runway incursions. Runway incursions are the consequence of multiple operational a nd/or environmental factors. Human error is known to contribute to almost every runway incursion. One major contributing factor for runway incursion is crew’s lack of situational awareness during airport surface operations, induced by weather considerations, by complex airport factors or by crew technique itself; it is also caused by ATC issues. Vari ous airport factors may affect pilot situational awareness, distract the crew, or lead to crew confusion. The recommendations to avoid runway incursions are manifold; Proper Crew’s CRM/TEM skills, adequate communication technique, proper knowledge of airport surface markings, lights and signs and preparation of preparation of expected taxi out/in ro uting. Also runway incursion risk assessment on specific airport before flight may lead to a ware of risk level and contribute to prevent runway incursion.Key words : 활주로 침범(Runway incursion), 착각(Confusion), 위험 분석(Risk assessment), 활주로 안전(Runway safety), 활주로 이탈(Runway excursion)