The dental gingivae are a unique part of the oral anatomy and an integral part of the periodontal tissues. Although the vast majority of abnormalities affecting the gingival tissues are due to a simple inflammatory reaction directly related to the presence of dental plaque, a range of non-plaque-related conditions also occur due to either local or systemic factors. Such factors include developmental abnormalities, the presence of malignancy and manifestations of underlying systemic conditions. Recognition and diagnosis of non-plaque-related gingival disease is essential for comprehensive dental health care. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper provides a review of the spectrum of non-plaque-related conditions that can affect the dental gingivae.