Catheterization is often undertaken without sufficient assessment, and the high rates of bacteriuria (1020%) occurring in catheterized patients seem to be accepted (Ward et al, 1997). This article reviews catheter selection, maintenance and nursing care, highlighting problem areas and suggesting measures that may be taken to reduce the risk factors. A problem-solving approach, based on research evidence relating to catheter care, is presented. Often there is a simple solution to a problem, but treatments based on traditions or myths appear to be the first choice in many situations. This article aims to provide nurses with the evidence base required to establish and maintain a urinary drainage system safely.