The textbook is devoted to the problems of philosophy of science, including its civilizational aspects, as well as the history of the emergence and development of scientific knowledge since ancient times. It concludes with the disclosure of the conceptual foundations of the philosophy of science, which influenced the formation of the methodology of scientific research. It is included in the cycle of educational and professional disciplines necessary for passing the candidate's minimum exam. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For graduate students of philosophical and general humanitarian specialties of the first year of study studying the discipline "History and Philosophy of Science".