The article summarizes the nature and purpose of the institution of administrative responsibility in the sphere of drugs turnover and psychotropic substances, the results of modern research in this area. The problems of its improvement are considered taking into account emerging challenges and conflicts of the implementation of changes in administrative law from the standpoint of the theory of administrative law and enforcement practices and suggestions for their resolution. The problems of applying administrative expulsion to foreign citizens and people without citizenship on the basis of positions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, generalization of the practice of the Federal courts are separately identified. The value and arising problems from the implementation of the mechanism of legal motivation of drug users to treatment and rehabilitation are provided, and suggestions on improving administrative legal regulation in this sphere of public relations are presented.