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Disease Models & Mechanisms
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Disease Models & Mechanisms
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Disease Models & Mechanisms
Article . 2019
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A small bioactive glycoside inhibits epsilon toxin and prevents cell death

Authors: Abhishek Shivappagowdar; Soumya Pati; Chintam Narayana; Rajagopal Ayana; Himani Kaushik; Raj Sah; Swati Garg; +5 Authors

A small bioactive glycoside inhibits epsilon toxin and prevents cell death

Abstract

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Etx) is categorized as the third most lethal bioterrorism agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with no therapeutic counter measures available for humans. Here, we have developed a high-affinity inhibitory compound by synthesizing and evaluating the structure activity relationship (SAR) of a library of diverse glycosides (numbered 1-12). SAR of glycoside-Etx heptamers revealed exceptionally strong H-bond interactions of glycoside-4 with a druggable pocket in the oligomerization and β-hairpin region of Etx. Analysis of its structure suggested that glycoside-4 might self-aggregate to form a robust micelle-like supra-molecular complex due to its linear side-chain architecture, which was authenticated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Further, this micelle hinders the Etx monomer-monomer interaction required for oligomerization, validated by both surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and immunoblotting. This phenomenon in turn leads to blockage of pore formation. Downstream evaluation revealed that glycoside-4 effectively blocked cell death of Etx-treated cultured primary cells and maintained cellular homeostasis via disrupting oligomerization, blocking pore formation, restoring calcium homeostasis, stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane and impairing high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm. Furthermore, a single dosage of glycoside-4 protected the Etx-challenged mice and restored normal function to multiple organs. This work reports for the first time a potent, nontoxic glycoside with strong ability to occlude toxin lethality, representing it as a bio-arm therapeutic against Etx-based biological threat.

Keywords

micelle formation, Bacterial Toxins, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, oligomerization, Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells, Dogs, Pathology, RB1-214, Animals, Homeostasis, Glycosides, glycoside-4, Cell Death, structure-activity relationship, R, Green Chemistry Technology, β-pft, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Molecular Docking Simulation, Liposomes, Medicine, Calcium, Research Article

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold