Overview D. Dimmel Determining Lignin Structure by Chemical Degradations C. Lapierre Electronic Spectroscopy of Lignins J. A. Schmidt Vibrational Spectroscopy U. P. Agarwal and R. H. Atalla NMR of Lignins J. Ralph and L. L. Landucci Heteronuclear NMR Spectroscopy of Lignins D. S. Argyropoulos Functional Groups and Bonding Patterns in Lignin (Including the Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes) G. Brunow and K. Lundquist Thermal Properties of Isolated and in situ Lignin H. Hatakeyama and T. Hatakeyama Reactivity of Lignin-Correlation with Molecular Orbital Calculations T. Elder and R. C. Fort, Jr. Chemistry of Alkaline Pulping D. Dimmel and G. Gellerstedt Chemistry of Pulp Bleaching G. Gellerstedt The Chemistry of Lignin-Retaining Bleaching: Oxidative Bleaching Agents G. Leary and J. A. Schmidt The Chemistry of Lignin-Retaining Bleaching: Reductive Bleaching Agents S. Robert Lignin Biodegradation K-E. L. Eriksson Biopulping and Biobleaching I. D. Reid, R. Bourbonnais, and M. G. Paice The Photochemistry of Lignin C. Heitner Pharmacological Properties of Lignans T. Deyama and S. Nishibe