Characterization of Atomic and Molecular Structure: Diffraction and Scattering Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering: Probing Structure for the Structure-Function Relationship, Elaine DiMasi In situ X-ray scattering from molecular templates and nucleating minerals at organic-water interfaces, Benjamin D. Stripe and Pulak Dutta Electron Backscatter Diffraction for Biomineralization, Maggie Cusack and Peter Chung Characterization of Atomic and Molecular Structure: Spectroscopy and Spectro-Microscopy Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging, Adele L. Boskey, PhD Raman Spectroscopy in Biomineralization, Karen Esmonde-White and Francis Esmonde-White Chemical Mapping with X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Yannicke Dauphin and Murielle Salome Local Structure Development Characterization of Biominerals Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Yael Politi and Ivo Zizak Soft x-Ray Scanning Transmission Spectro-Microscopy, Julie Cosmidis and Karim Benzerara Photoemission Spectromicroscopy for the Biomineralogist, Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: A Tool for Molecular-Level Structure Analysis and Dynamics, Melinda J. Duer The Realities of Disordered or Unfolded Proteins: Relevance to Biomineralization, John Spencer Evans Imaging Morphology and Interfaces Exploring Dynamics at the Biomolecule-Crystal Interface Using Real-Time In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy, S. Roger Qiu In situ Atomic Force Microscopy as a tool for investigating assembly of protein matrices, Sungwook Chung and James J. De Yoreo Transmission Electron Microscopy in Biomineralization Research: Advances and Challenges, Elia Beniash, Archan Dey, and Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk X-Ray Computed Tomography, Xianghui Xiao and Stuart R. Stock SIMS Method and Example of Applications in Coral Biomineralization, Claire Rollion-Bard and Dominique Blamart Properties of the Composite: Energetics and Forces in Assembly Molecular Simulation of Biomineral Nucleation And Crystal Growth: Modern Computational Challenges and Approaches, Yang Yang, Zhijun Xu, Qiang Cui, and Nita Sahai Application of Enhanced Sampling Approaches to the Early Stages of Mineralization, Adam F. Wallace and James J. De Yoreo Direct Measurement of Interaction Forces and Energies with Proximal Probes, Raymond W. Friddle Properties of the Composite: Materials Approaches to Tissues and Whole Organs Measuring Forces between Structural Elements in Composites: From Macromolecules to Bone, Philipp J. Thurner and Orestis L. Katsamenis Mechanical and Interface Properties of Biominerals: Atomistic to Coarse Grained Modeling, Arun K. Nair, Flavia Libonati, Zhao Qin, Leon S. Dimas, and Markus J. Buehler Whole Organ Deformation Analysis by Digital Optical Metrology Methods, Paul Zaslansky and Ron Shahar Illustrating Biodiversity: The Power of an Image, James C. Weaver and Elaine DiMasi