There has been a recent global resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) fuelled by HIV infection and migration. Childhood TB represents a sentinel event in the community, suggesting recent transmission from an infectious adult. The diagnosis of TB in children is based on chest X-ray, tuberculin skin testing and mycobacterial staining/culture, although the diagnostic yield from these investigations is often lower than in adults. Newer diagnostic tests are being developed and may improve the diagnostic yield in childhood TB. Treatment of TB in children is similar to adults in that short-course multidrug treatment has been adopted as standard therapy in many national TB programmes. Compliance is a major determinant of the success of drug treatment and directly observed therapy has been adopted as a key component of TB treatment programmes. Although uncommon in children, multidrug-resistant TB is also increasing and treatment often involves longer courses of therapy with second-line drugs.