
doi: 10.1201/b11861-13
handle: 11385/252438
In the early 1960s, Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline, two NASA researchers, coined the term cyborg from the combination of the words cybernetic and organism (Gray, Figueroa-Sarriera, and Mentor 1995). Clynes and Kline wrote, “for the exogenously extended organizational complex functioning as an integrated homeostatic system unconsciously, we propose the term ‘cyborg.’ The cyborg deliberately controls function of the organism in order to adapt it to new environments” (Clynes and Kline 1995, 30-31). The proposed purpose of the cyborg was to provide a system in which robot-like behaviors and actions are integrated into an automatic and allostatically balanced organization that is in some way integrated into human function, leaving humans free to explore and to flourish.
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 0 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Average | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Average |
