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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IRIS Catalogo dei pr...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
https://doi.org/10.1201/b11861...
Part of book or chapter of book . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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The Cyborg and Cyborgization

Authors: Benanti P.;

The Cyborg and Cyborgization

Abstract

In the early 1960s, Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline, two NASA researchers, coined the term cyborg from the combination of the words cybernetic and organism (Gray, Figueroa-Sarriera, and Mentor 1995). Clynes and Kline wrote, “for the exogenously extended organizational complex functioning as an integrated homeostatic system unconsciously, we propose the term ‘cyborg.’ The cyborg deliberately controls function of the organism in order to adapt it to new environments” (Clynes and Kline 1995, 30-31). The proposed purpose of the cyborg was to provide a system in which robot-like behaviors and actions are integrated into an automatic and allostatically balanced organization that is in some way integrated into human function, leaving humans free to explore and to flourish.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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