Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies, G. Morcoel, L. Hoyt, J. Meek, andU. Zimmermann THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES Metropolitan Governance and Business Improvement Districts, G. Morcoel and U. Zimmermann Private Governments: A Polycentric Perspective, S.E. Baer From Town Center Management to the BID Model in Britain: Toward a New Contractualism? G. Lloyd and D. Peel BIDs Farewell: The Democratic Accountability of Business Improvement Districts, B.R. Hochleutner From North America to Africa: The BID Model and the Role of Policy Entrepreneurs, L. Hoyt The BID Model in Canada and the United States: The Retail-Revitalization Nexus, D. Gopal-Agge and L.Hoyt BIDS IN THE UNITED STATES Private Governments or Public Policy Tools? The Law and Public Policy of New Jersey's Special Improvement Districts, J.B. Justice and R.S. Goldsmith Business Improvement Districts in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area: Implications for Local Governance, J. Meek and P. Hubler Business Improvement Districts in New York City's Low- and High-Income Neighborhoods, J.S. Gross Business Improvement Districts and Small Business Advocacy: The Case of San Diego, R.J. Stokes Business Improvement Districts' Approaches to Working with Local Governments, J.F .Wolf Business Improvement Districts in Pennsylvania: Implications for Democratic Metropolitan Governance, G. Morcoel and P.A. Patrick Getting the Max for the Tax: An Examination of Bid Performance Measures, G. Caruso and R. Weber Community Improvement Districts in Metropolitan Atlanta, G. Morcoel and U. Zimmermann Contesting Public Space and Citizenship: Implications for Neighborhood Business Improvement Districts, S. Schaller and G. Modan BIDS IN CANADA, BRITAIN, AND IRELAND The Strategic Evolution of the BID Model in Canada, T. Hernandez and K. Jones British Town Center Management: Setting the Stage for the BID Model in Europe, A. Reeve Business Improvement Districts in England: The UK Government's Proposals, Enactment, and Guidance, M. Blackwell The Adoption of the BID Model in Ireland: Context and Considerations, J. Ratcliffe and B. Ryan Index