AbstractIn recent years, dendritic cells (DCs) have entered the center court of immune regulation. Dependent on their ontogeny, state of differentiation, and maturation and thereby a variable expression of membrane-bound and soluble molecules, DCs can induce immunostimulatory as well as immunoregulatory responses. This dual function has made them potential targets in vaccine development in cancer and infections as well as for the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases. The present review is focused on the effect of immune-modulatory factors, such as cytokines and immunosuppressive drugs, and on the survival, differentiation, migration, and maturation of DC human subsets. A better understanding of DC immunobiology may lead to the development of specific therapies to prevent or dampen immune responses.