Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability world wide. In the United States alone, nearly 1·7 million individuals are treated in the hospital setting for TBI of all severities, which accounts for over US$48 billion of health care cost annually. This special issue of Neurological Research provides a broad coverage of several important topics in TBI, including contemporary imaging of mild TBI, management of chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), use of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) to treat TBI, reviews on blast TBI and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), as well as basic science studies in different rodent models of TBI. The authors aim to provide some insight on TBI to neurosurgeons, neurologists, rehabilitation doctors, and other specialists treating TBI patients as well as neuroscientists who are involved in neurotrauma research.