The mechanical properties of bone are fundamental for supporting movement and providing pro-tection to our vital organs. Bone is a complex, heterogeneous material with a distinct internal microstructure. Conventional continuum models based on classical elasticity often overlook the influence of microstructural scale on macroscopic mechanical behavior. Given bone’s pronounced heterogeneity, especially when the length scale of deformation is on the same order or smaller than the microstructural features (like the trabeculae in cancellous bone), traditional models fall short, necessitating generalized continuum mechanics theories. Studying human bone directly poses significant challenges, from securing lab access to specimens to conducting precise, controlled experiments. Computational modeling, however, offers a powerful alternative, capturing microstructural properties effectively while reducing the logistical and ethical challenges associated with working on real bone. Most studies in this field have employed an isotropic modeling approach because of its simplicity. However, bone is an orthotropic material with specific structures and mechanical behaviors. Another benefit of using simulation tools is the ability to study bone behavior over time and observe bone formation and resorption processes in response to mechanical loads, essentially capturing bone remodeling. While few models exist for the anisotropic adaptive remodeling of bone, they mostly rely on the classical theory of elasticity, which falls short in accurately describing materials with complex microstructures like bone. This study introduces a novel approach to adaptive bone remodeling by leveraging the Cosserat theory of elasticity, which overcomes the limitations of classical elasticity. Specifically, by treating a bone segment from the human proximal femur as an orthotropic material, this study incorporates the Cosserat elasticity theory into the adaptive elasticity framework to explore bone’s mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, this work investigates the adaptive behavior of the Cosserat parameters in relation to the stiffness modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the internal length scale. Our analysis indicates that Cosserat elasticity predicts bone behavior with a maximum deviation of 36.33% in displacement compared to classical elasticity models, particularly at higher internal length scales. Moreover, the Cosserat model exhibits a comparable yet slightly lower average density distribution in the proximal femur, which is consistent with findings reported in the literature. This work expands the analysis by applying the Cosserat elasticity framework to a finite element model of a proximal femur, illustrating that this approach yields more accurate predictions in adaptive bone remodeling compared to traditional elasticity theories. This approach is especially valuable for materials like bone, where deformation behavior is closely linked to microstructure. Our findings indicate that Cosserat elasticity presents a more effective framework for modeling bone remodeling, with promising implications for advancements in biomechanics and materials science.