Proteomic datasets are often incomplete due to identification range and sensitivity issues. It becomes important to develop methodologies to estimate missing proteomic data, allowing better interpretation of proteomic datasets and metabolic mechanisms underlying complex biological systems. In this study, we applied an artificial neural network to approximate the relationships between cognate transcriptomic and proteomic datasets ofDesulfovibrio vulgaris, and to predict protein abundance for the proteins not experimentally detected, based on several relevant predictors, such as mRNA abundance, cellular role and triple codon counts. The results showed that the coefficients of determination for the trained neural network models ranged from 0.47 to 0.68, providing better modeling than several previous regression models. The validity of the trained neural network model was evaluated using biological information (i.e. operons). To seek understanding of mechanisms causing missing proteomic data, we used a multivariate logistic regression analysis and the result suggested that some key factors, such as protein instability index, aliphatic index, mRNA abundance, effective number of codons () and codon adaptation index (CAI) values may be ascribed to whether a given expressed protein can be detected. In addition, we demonstrated that biological interpretation can be improved by use of imputed proteomic datasets.