It is well known that Einstein gravity can be formulated as a gauge theory of Lorentz group where spin connections play a role of gauge fields and Riemann curvature tensors correspond to their field strengths. One can then pose an interesting question: What is the Einstein equation from the gauge theory point of view? Or equivalently, what is the gauge theory object corresponding to Einstein manifolds? We show that the Einstein equations in four dimensions are precisely self-duality equations in Yang–Mills gauge theory and so Einstein manifolds correspond to Yang–Mills instantons in SO (4) = SU (2)L× SU (2)Rgauge theory. Specifically, we prove that any Einstein manifold with or without a cosmological constant always arises as the sum of SU (2)Linstantons and SU (2)Ranti-instantons. This result explains why an Einstein manifold must be stable because two kinds of instantons belong to different gauge groups, instantons in SU (2)Land anti-instantons in SU (2)R, and so they cannot decay into a vacuum. We further illuminate the stability of Einstein manifolds by showing that they carry nontrivial topological invariants.