Theoretical and experimental data are given for the statistical characteristics of random fields of wind velocity and turbulent fluctuations of temperature in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Fluctuations are considered at one and two space time points. Probability distributions, moments, autocorrelation and structure functions, spectra and cross-spectra are studied. Some dimensionless characteristics (universal functions) are determined by means of Kolmogorov’s similarity theory for small eddies and similarity theory for fully developed turbulence proposed by Oboukhov and Monin. In addition a short summary is given of works on pressure fluctuations, turbulent accelerations, turbulent diffusion and also on the problem “fluctuations and waves”.