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SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics
Article . 1969 . Peer-reviewed
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Power Sum Identities for Arbitrary Symmetric Arrays

Power sum identities for arbitrary symmetric arrays
Authors: Gould, H. W.;

Power Sum Identities for Arbitrary Symmetric Arrays

Abstract

Let \([f_n(k)]\), \(k=0,1,\ldots,n\), be an arbitrary symmetric array of numbers in the sense that \(f_n(k)=f_n(n-k)\). A very special case would be the Pascal triangle with \(f_n(k)=\binom{n}{k}\). This paper considers expressions of the general form \(\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^n k^pf_n(k) = \sum k^pf\), \(p\) an integer, the latter brief symbolism being used since we will retain a fixed \(n\) throughout and always sum on \(k\). Three theorems are proved. It is first shown that \[ 2\,\sum k^{2r+1}f = \sum_{j=0}^r (-1)^{r-j} n^{r+1-j} Q_j^r \sum k^{r+j}f, \] with \(Q_j^r = \binom{r}{j} + 2\binom{r}{j-1}\). The main result of interest is the expansion (brackets denote integer part) \[ 2^{[(r+s)/2]} \sum k^{2r+1}f = \sum_{j=0}^r A_j^r n^{2r-2j+1} \sum k^{2j}f. \] The coefficients \(A_j^r\) satisfy an involved recurrence relation and have the property that \[ A_r^{r+k} = \binom{2r+2k+1}{2k+1} 2^{[m/2]} A_0^k,\quad\text{for }r\ge 0, \] with \(m=r\) for odd \(k\) and \(m=r+1\) for even \(k\). Thus, knowledge of \(A_0^k\) determines the array. The first few values of \(A_0^k\) \((k=0,1,\ldots)\) are \(1,-1, 2, -17, 124, -2764, 43688,\ldots\). An example of the expansion is the formula \[ 4 \sum k^5 f = 2n^5 \sum f - 10n^3 \sum k^2 f + 10n \sum k^4f. \] Substitution of \(f_n(k)=\binom{n}{k}^p\), \(p\) an arbitrary real exponent, yields various binomial coefficient identities. It is remarked that \(A_j^r\) may be given explicitly in terms of the Bernoulli numbers, but this is not developed in the paper. \{Reviewer's remark: In a paper to appear, \textit{L. Carlitz} has found the actual expression for \(A_0^r\) in terms of the Bernoulli numbers, along with other valuable results.\} The third result in this paper is the expansion \[ C_r \sum k^{2r}f = \sum_{j=0}^r G_j^r n^{2r-2j-1} \sum k^{2j+1}f,\quad C_r = \frac{(2r+1)!}{r!2^r}, \] for which it develops that \[ \sum_{j=1}^r G_j^r A_1^j 2^{-[(j+3)/2]} = \begin{cases} 0 &\quad\text{if } i\ne r, \\ \frac{(2r+1)!}{r!2^r} &\quad\text{if } i = r.\end{cases} \] or, alternatively \[ \sum_{j=1}^r A_j^r G_1^j \frac{j!2^j}{(2j+1)!} = \begin{cases} 0 &\quad\text{if } i\ne r, \\ 2^{[(r+3)/2]} &\quad\text{if } i = r.\end{cases} \] It is also noted that no expansion of the form \[ \sum k^{2r}f = \sum_{j=0}^{r-1} E_j^r(n) \sum k^{2j+1}f \] can exist.

Keywords

Binomial coefficients; factorials; \(q\)-identities, binomial coefficients, symmetric array of numbers, Factorials, binomial coefficients, combinatorial functions, Combinatorial identities, bijective combinatorics, identities

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Average
Top 10%
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