#### Summary points The vegetative state may develop suddenly (as a consequence of traumatic or non-traumatic brain injury, such as hypoxia or anoxia; infection; or haemorrhage) or gradually (in the course of a neurodegenerative disorder, such as Alzheimer’s disease). Although uncommon, the condition is perplexing because there is an apparent dissociation between the two cardinal elements of consciousness: awareness and wakefulness.1 Patients in a vegetative state appear to be awake but lack any sign of awareness of themselves or their environment.w1 Large retrospective clinical audits have shown that as many as 40% of patients with a diagnosis of vegetative state may in fact retain some level of consciousness. Misdiagnosis has many implications for a patient’s care—such as day to day management, access to early interventions, and quality of life—and has ethical and legal ramifications pertaining to decisions on the discontinuation of life supporting …