A 33-year-old non-diabetic married woman from rural background presented with complaints of dull intermittent right flank pain since 1 year. She had no history of fever, dysuria, haematuria or weight loss. Clinical examination of the abdomen was within normal limits. Complete laboratory evaluation including urinalysis, complete blood picture, urea, creatinine and electrolytes were within normal limits. Ultrasonography (USG) of kidney, ureters and bladder showed moderate hydroureteronephrosis (HDUN) until right midureter. Intravenous pyelography (IVP) revealed dilated right renal pelvicalyceal system and upper ureter with abrupt S-shaped turn of ureter at the level of L4 vertebrae. The appearance on IVP was strongly suspicious of retrocaval ureter and hence a contrast-enhanced CT urography was performed to confirm the diagnosis, which showed dilated right proximal ureter (figure 1) coursing medially and lying posterior …