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A spectral analysis of the apical vowel in Yongding Hakka

Authors: Wai-Sum Lee; Eric Zee;

A spectral analysis of the apical vowel in Yongding Hakka

Abstract

The so-called apical vowels occur in a large number of Chinese dialects, including Yongding Hakka spoken in the southwest of Fujian Province in southeastern China. A main difference between apical vowel and dorsal vowels is in the fact that the former is a syllabic approximant with a linguo-palatal contact pattern of either laminal alveolar or apical postalveolar. Phonologically, both vowel types function as the syllable nucleus. The paper analyzes the spectral characteristics of the apical vowel [???] in Yongding Hakka. Preliminary results show that the F-pattern of the apical vowel differs from that of the dorsal [i] substantially. The average F1, F2, and F3 values of five repetitions of [???] from 10 male speakers are 500.9 Hz, 1323.4 Hz, and 2722.9 Hz, but 339.8 Hz, 2362.6 Hz, and 3269.6 Hz for [i]. Thus, a large difference is in F2. This is also true for female speakers of Yongding, in that the average F-values are 567.9 Hz, 1473.2 Hz, and 3242.6 Hz for [???] and 405.4 Hz, 2362.1 Hz, and 3269.6 Hz for [i]. The spectral data for the apical vowel in Yongding Hakka will be compared with those for the apical vowels in other Chinese dialects, such as Beijing Mandarin.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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