Acoustic cavitation has been shown to reversibly disrupt cell membranes and thereby transport molecules into viable cells. The hypothesis was that the light emitted during inertial cavitation, i.e., sonoluminescence, correlates with these acoustic bioeffects. In this study, sonoluminescence was measured using a photomultiplier tube mounted at the base of an opaque cavitation chamber. The bioeffects measured on DU 145 prostate cancer cells placed in the cavitation field included the number of molecules delivered into each cell and overall cell viability. A 24-kHz cylindrical piezoelectric transducer was used in these experiments to generate cavitation over a range of pressure levels, pulse lengths, and total exposure times. The results show that cells were reversibly disrupted, yielding extensive uptake of calcein by some cells, little uptake by other cells, and loss of viability for a third population of cells. Correlation with sonoluminescence indicated that light emission correlated with these bioeffects.