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Underwater noise produced by rainfall

Authors: H. C. Pumphrey; L. A. Crum;

Underwater noise produced by rainfall

Abstract

When a liquid drop falling through the air strikes a flat horizontal surface, there are acoustic emissions associated with this impact in both the air and the liquid [G. J. Franz, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 31, 1080 (1959)]. Under certain conditions, a small air bubble can be entrained in the liquid by the impacting drop and stimulated into volume pulsations that radiate quite strongly. When several drops impact the surface in a short time interval as in rainfall, the acoustic emissions associated with the bubble oscillations appear to be a major contribution to the total acoustic emission over a considerable bandwidth. With artificially created rainfall, the spectral peak observed near 20 kHz for natural rainfall can be duplicated [Scrimger et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 79 (1987)]. However, with the addition of surface tension reduction agents, this peak is significantly reduced, implying that a major portion of the noise associated with rainfall is related to oscillations of the entrained bubble rather than due to the impact of the drop with the liquid surface. [Work supported by the ONR.]

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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