AbstractThe present study examined electroencephalogram profiles on a novel stimulus‐response compatibility (SRC) task in order to elucidate the distinct brain mechanisms of stimulus‐stimulus (S‐S) and stimulus‐response (S‐R) conflict processing. The results showed that the SRC effects on reaction times (RTs) and N2 amplitudes were additive when both S‐S and S‐R conflicts existed. We also observed that, for both RTs and N2 amplitudes, the conflict adaptation effects—the reduced SRC effect following an incongruent trial versus a congruent trial—were present only when two consecutive trials involved the same type of conflict. Time‐frequency analysis revealed that both S‐S and S‐R conflicts modulated power in the theta band, whereas S‐S conflict additionally modulated power in the alpha and beta bands. In summary, our findings provide insight into the domain‐specific conflict processing and the modular organization of cognitive control.