AbstractAimThe present study investigated the current situation regarding intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT) for fetal anemia in Japan.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort questionnaire survey for cases that underwent IUT from 2011 to 2015. The questionnaire required perioperative information, indications, details of the procedure, procedure‐related complications, and neonatal morbidity.ResultsA total of 100 IUT procedures were performed in 66 cases at 19 institutions during the study period. The most frequent indication of IUT was complicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins in 28 (42.4%) cases, followed by 16 (24.2%) cases of red‐cell alloimmunization, and 10 (15.2%) cases of parvovirus B19 infection. IUT was performed through the umbilical cord in the vast of majority cases (92%). Bleeding from the IUT site was the most common adverse event (40%). Two cases (2%) underwent emergency cesarean section after the procedure. There were no cases of rupture of membrane or intrauterine infection after IUT. The neonatal survival rate was 77.3% in the 66 total cases and 64% in the hydrops cases. The neonatal survival rates in MCDA twins, red‐cell alloimmunization, and parvovirus B19 infection were 75%, 93.8%, and 70%, respectively.ConclusionsIUT was performed for mainly three indications in Japan: MCDA twins, red‐cell alloimmunization, and parvovirus B19 infection. The incidences of severe adverse events seemed very low. The outcomes after IUT were favorable with variations in survival rates according to indications. However, further studies with long‐term follow‐up will be required to assess the effectiveness of IUT, especially for complicated MCDA twins.