Abstract Political Islam is a movement that began in the late 1920s, after secular governments failed to secure economic independence, prosperity and good governance in the Muslim world. Convinced that a return to the sovereignty of Islamic law would be the only hope for progress in the Muslim world, Islamists – proponents of ‘political Islam’, what Western commentators often inaccurately call ‘fundamentalism’– began to agitate for new, Islamic governments. This article surveys the range of interpretations of this central issue, including traditionalists – those who believe that the law to be reintroduced into society is contained in traditional Islamic legal codes; progressives – those who believe that Islamic codes must be updated through the standard hermeneutic known as ijtihad; those who advocate a peaceful approach to sociopolitical transformation through preaching; and the jihadists – those who believe that only violent revolution will achieve the desired goal. History Compass fourth PODCAST is now available This free podcast offers a discussion between Professor Yoav Di-Capua, co-editor of the Middle & Near East section of History Compass, and Prof. Tamara Sonn, Editor-in-Chief of Religion Compass and History Compass author. Here they skilfully examine the article: ‘Islamic Fundamentalism and Political Islam’. This succinct and engaging podcast explores common misconceptions about political actors from the Muslim world. An important distinction is made between Islamic fundamentalism and political Islam. Click here to download the podcast: http://wiley.cdn.palmerhargreaves.com/podcast/hic3/hic3-04.mp3 (9.7mb, 13 minutes 55 seconds)