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Geographical Analysis
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
Research.fi
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Research.fi
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Internationally Validated Open Access Indicators of Large Public Urban Green Space for Healthy and Sustainable Cities

Authors: Ryan Turner; Carl Higgs; Vuokko Heikinheimo; Ruth Hunter; Júlio Celso Borello Vargas; Shiqin Liu; Eugen Resendiz; +17 Authors

Internationally Validated Open Access Indicators of Large Public Urban Green Space for Healthy and Sustainable Cities

Abstract

ABSTRACTLarge public urban green spaces (LPUGS) provide multiple health and environmental co‐benefits by mitigating urban heat, improving air quality and biodiversity, and promoting physical activity, social interactions, and mental wellbeing. There is a lack of accessible, evidence‐informed, and internationally validated LPUGS indicators to assist with benchmarking and monitoring progress toward healthy and sustainable cities globally. This study developed and validated internationally applicable spatial indicators of LPUGS availability and accessibility that are directly relevant to health and sustainability outcomes. For 13 cities across 10 middle‐ to high‐income countries, we identified LPUGS ≥ 1 ha by fusing OpenStreetMap and satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, and estimated residents' access within 500 m pedestrian network distance. We conducted a two‐step validation process with local collaborators in each city. Our indicator methods identified LPUGS with greater than 80% accuracy for 12 of the 13 cities, and comparisons against official local reference data for four cities further demonstrated validity. While some open data limitations were identified, the indicators address critical gaps in existing methods by enabling standardized and comparable measurement of LPUGS in diverse cities internationally. Our customizable open‐source global indicator tools can inform evidence‐based green space planning for urban health and sustainability.

Country
United Kingdom
Keywords

/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/3300/3305; name=Geography, Planning and Development, /dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/sustainable_cities_and_communities; name=SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, /dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900/1904; name=Earth-Surface Processes

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    2
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
hybrid
Related to Research communities
Italian National Biodiversity Future Center