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Conservation Science and Practice
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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DIGITAL.CSIC
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
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C2C— conflict to coexistence: A global approach to manage human–wildlife conflict for coexistence

Authors: Gross, EM; Jayasinghe, N; Dahal, S; Tenzin, S; Klenzendorf, S; Vannelli, K; van Gils, E; +15 Authors

C2C— conflict to coexistence: A global approach to manage human–wildlife conflict for coexistence

Abstract

Abstract Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) presents a growing challenge to conservation and development worldwide. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and experts on human–wildlife coexistence strategies have responded to this challenge by developing a holistic, globally applicable approach to HWC management that can be tailored to specific local, regional, or national contexts. Its framework addresses the complexity of essential HWC management and long‐term coexistence strategies and is implemented in a structured yet contextualized step‐by‐step sequence by a team of facilitators and multiple stakeholders. The C2C: Conflict to Coexistence Approach centers on four principles (tolerance is maintained, responsibility is shared, resilience is built, holism is fundamental), four outcomes (wildlife thrives alongside human presence, habitat sufficient to maintain viable wildlife populations, people able and willing to live alongside wildlife, livelihoods/assets secured against presence of wildlife), and six HWC management elements (policy and governance, understanding interactions, prevention, response, mitigation, monitoring) that are to be implemented in an integrated way. It is currently undergoing testing in diverse pilot sites across three continents and demonstrating positive initial results. Here, we share the framework and methodology of the approach and initial results and experiences from these pilot sites.

Countries
Spain, United Kingdom
Keywords

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss, Management framework, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/17, Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, Human-wildlife conflict, environmental control, Socio-ecological system, Social- and environmental safeguards, Coexistence, Human-wildlife interaction, Human environment

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    Top 10%
    influence
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
6
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold