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Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging
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Article . 2025
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Research.fi
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
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Characterization of sympathicotonia in post‐covid condition (long covid) and healthy controls using long‐term electrodermal activity (EDA) follow‐up

Authors: Timo Mustonen; Pasi Kytölä; Hanna Lantto; Erika Lager; Velina Vangelova‐Korpinen; Hélène Virrantaus; Aleksandra Sulg; +6 Authors

Characterization of sympathicotonia in post‐covid condition (long covid) and healthy controls using long‐term electrodermal activity (EDA) follow‐up

Abstract

Abstract Purpose After SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, some patients develop post‐COVID condition (PCC), often associated with sympathicotonia. This study aimed to characterize sympathicotonia in PCC patients using a novel long‐term electrodermal activity (EDA) analysis via a smart ring and evaluate its clinical applicability. Methods Seventeen PCC patients were recruited from a Long Covid outpatient clinic, and 18 healthy controls volunteered. PCC patients were divided based on self‐reported symptoms into those with or without sympathicotonia. A 14‐day EDA monitoring was conducted. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was expressed as a double normalized index of electrodermal activity (DNE), with higher levels indicating higher SNS activity. Orthostatic tests were performed to identify orthostatic sympathicotonia. DNE levels, representing EDA, were compared to self‐reported and orthostatic sympathicotonia. Results DNE levels did not differ between PCC patients with ( N = 12) or without ( N = 5) self‐reported sympathicotonia or compared with nonsympathetic controls. When dividing all participants by orthostatic test results, DNE levels were lower during day (08:00–14:00; p < 0.05) but higher during late night (00:00–02:00; p < 0.05) in those with orthostatic sympathicotonia ( N = 21) compared to those without ( N = 14), with the 24‐h comparison significant ( p = 0.022). Among PCC patients, DNE levels were higher in orthostatic nonsympathicotonic ( N = 7) than orthostatic sympathicotonic ( N = 10) during morning (09:00–12:00; p < 0.05), with the 24‐h comparison significant ( p = 0.044). Conclusion Self‐reported symptoms did not distinguish sympathicotonia. However, individuals with orthostatic test‐identified sympathicotonia had heightened EDA, indicating increased sympathetic activity, particularly during late night. PCC was not identifiable by EDA. Long‐term EDA monitoring may provide an objective tool for detecting sympathicotonia independently of self‐reported symptoms.

Country
Finland
Keywords

sympathetic activation, Male, Adult, Sympathetic Nervous System, Time Factors, COVID-19, Galvanic Skin Response, Middle Aged, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, Biomedicine, skin conductance, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, post‐acute COVID‐19 syndrome, 515, Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Case-Control Studies, ambulatory physiological monitoring, Autonomic nervous system, Humans, Original Article, Female, Aged, Follow-Up Studies

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citations
The total number of citations received by all articles of the researcher of interest.
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
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