AbstractIntroductionTesticular microdissection sperm extraction (MD‐TESE) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has made biological fatherhood possible for many men with the most severe form of male infertility, non‐obstructive azoospermia. MD‐TESE was introduced in Turku in 2008, and by 2015, 100 Finnish men with non‐obstructive azoospermia have been operated on.Material and methodsThe average age of the men was 33 years at the time of surgery. Forty‐eight had a needle biopsy previously and 56% had a testicular size <15 mL. The most common diagnoses were idiopathic (n = 65), Klinefelter syndrome (n = 15), operated cryptorchidism or torsion (n = 10), and Y chromosome microdeletion (n = 7). The pregnancy outcomes were followed.ResultsThe sperm recovery rate (SRR) overall was 42%: 31% for idiopathic non‐obstructive azoospermia, 40% for Klinefelter syndrome, 57% for Y chromosome microdeletion AZFc, 90% for previous testicular surgery (mostly for cryptorchidism; n = 10) and 67% for previous cytotoxic treatment (n = 3). SRR with histopathologic diagnosis Sertoli‐cell‐only was 29%, and 44% for spermatogenic arrest. Age did not affect the outcome of the surgery. Small testicular size seemed to predict a higher SRR. A previous needle biopsy did not predict a lower SRR. Surgical complications were rare. Of couples, 32 had at least one ICSI attempt, and 22 at least one live birth, giving a cumulative live birth rate of 69%. No major pregnancy complications occurred.ConclusionsOur SRR is comparable with international results, and the cumulative live birth rate similar to other ICSI indications in Finland. Physicians and specialists need to be made aware of new treatment options to enable biological fatherhood for men with non‐obstructive azoospermia.