ACCEPTED Structural reliability analysis is essential for evaluating system failure probabilities under uncertainties, yet it often faces computational efficiency challenges. While surrogate model based techniques, including Kriging, are known for their high accuracy and efficiency, they typically employ a sequential learning strategy, which limits their potential for parallel computation. This paper introduces the Local Penalization Adaptive Learning (LP-AL) method, which facilitates parallel adaptive reliability analysis; LP-AL introduces a penalty function that emulates the process of sequential learning strategies, thereby achieving parallelization. The method also integrates a global error-based stopping criterion and a sample pool reduction strategy to enhance efficiency. We tested LP-AL with five commonly used learning functions across various engineering scenarios. The results demonstrate that LP-AL achieves high accuracy and significantly reduces computational costs, making it a viable approach for diverse structural reliability analysis tasks.