Creating and managing individual identities is a central challenge of the digital age. As identity management systems defined here as programs or frameworks that administer the collection, authentication, or use of identity and information linked to identity are implemented in both the public and private sectors, individuals are required to identify themselves with increasing frequency. Traditional identity management systems are run by organizations that control all mechanisms for authentication (establishing confidence in an identity claim's truth) and authorization (deciding what an individual should be allowed to do), as well as any behind-the-scenes profiling or scoring of individuals. Recent work has looked toward more user-centric models that attempt to put individuals in charge of when, where, how, and to whom they disclose their personal information.