This update to the 2001 ITRS roadmap shows the industry shifting its focus toward systems on chip, wireless computing, and mobile applications. Today, the introduction of new technology solutions is increasingly application-driven, with products for different markets using different technology combinations at different times. General-purpose digital microprocessors for personal computers have been joined by mixed-signal systems for wireless communication and embedded applications. Battery-powered mobile devices are as strong a driver as wall-plugged servers. System-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) designs that incorporate building blocks form multiple sources are supplanting in-house, single-source chip designs. The high complexity of SoC design creates design-and-test development-productivity and test-quality challenges.