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https://doi.org/10.1109/ccc.19...
Article . 2002 . Peer-reviewed
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SIAM Journal on Computing
Article . 2000 . Peer-reviewed
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Randomness is hard

Authors: Buhrman, H.M.; Torenvliet, L.;
Abstract

Summary: We study the set of incompressible strings for various resource bounded versions of Kolmogorov complexity. The resource bounded versions of Kolmogorov complexity we study are polynomial time CD complexity defined by Sipser, the nondeterministic variant CND due to Buhrman and Fortnow, and the polynomial space bounded Kolmogorov complexity CS introduced by Hartmanis. For all of these measures we define the set of random strings \(\text{R}^{CD}_t\), \(\text{R}^{CND}_t\), and \(\text{R}^{CS}_t\) as the set of strings \(x\) such that \(CD^t(x)\), \(CND^t(x)\), and \(CS^s(x)\) is greater than or equal to the length of \(x\) for \(s\) and \(t\) polynomials. We show the following: -- \(\text{MA} \subseteq \text{NP}^{\text{R}^{CD}_t}\), where \(\text{MA}\) is the class of Merlin-Arthur games defined by Babai. -- \(\text{AM} \subseteq \text{NP}^{\text{R}^{CND}_t}\), where \(\text{AM}\) is the class of Arthur-Merlin games. -- \(\text{PSPACE} \subseteq \text{NP}^{\text{cR}^{CS}_s}\). In the last item \(\text{cR}^{CS}_s\) is the set of pairs \(\langle x,y \rangle\) so that \(x\) is random given \(y\). These results show that the set of random strings for various resource bounds is hard for complexity classes under nondeterministic reductions. This paper contrasts the earlier work of Buhrman and Mayordomo where they show that for polynomial time deterministic reductions the set of exponential time Kolmogorov random strings is not complete for EXP.

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Netherlands
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Keywords

interactive proofs, Complexity of computation (including implicit computational complexity), CND complexity, Kolmogorov complexity, randomness, Modes of computation (nondeterministic, parallel, interactive, probabilistic, etc.), Merlin-Arthur, Algorithmic information theory (Kolmogorov complexity, etc.), complexity classes, Descriptive complexity and finite models, Complexity classes (hierarchies, relations among complexity classes, etc.), Computational difficulty of problems (lower bounds, completeness, difficulty of approximation, etc.), CD complexity, relativization, Arthur-Merlin

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Average
Average
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