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IEEE Access
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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IEEE Access
Article . 2025
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Modularized Small-Signal Modeling of Grid-Forming Inverters

Authors: Sohail A. Ali; Paul Serna-Torre; Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez; Mehdi Ghazavi Dozein; Behrooz Bahrani;

Modularized Small-Signal Modeling of Grid-Forming Inverters

Abstract

A wide variety of control schemes for Grid-Forming Inverters (GFMIs) have been developed to enable inverter-based resources (IBRs) to comply with evolving grid-code requirements and deliver essential support services such as frequency and voltage regulation. However, the diversity in these control structures presents substantial challenges for consistent modeling, analysis, and systematic comparison. Conventional approaches to modeling Grid-Forming Inverters typically focus on individual control strategies or isolated configurations, limiting their flexibility and scalability for broader applications. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a unified, modular framework utilizing state-space representation (SSR) and the Component Connection Method (CCM) for small-signal modeling of GFMIs. The proposed framework systematically accommodates four prevalent Active Power Control (APC) strategies—Droop control, Droop with Low-Pass Filter (LPF), Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG), and Compensated Generalized Virtual Synchronous Generator (CGVSG). By establishing a comprehensive and modular modeling methodology, this paper facilitates efficient stability analysis, parameter sensitivity assessment, and performance optimization of diverse GFMI configurations under varying grid conditions. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach are demonstrated through detailed eigenvalue analyses and validated via time-domain simulations, illustrating significant implications for practical engineering design, grid code compliance, and operational stability in inverter-dominated power systems. The computational implementation of the proposed methodology is available online in a public repository.

Keywords

state-space representation, small-signal stability, Grid-forming inverter modeling, component connection method, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold